feat: Hermite resampling, sprite shift registers, controller open bus

#3 audio.rs: replace linear interpolation with Catmull-Rom Hermite cubic.
  Stores prev_sample as p0 control point; m1=(p2-p0)/2, m2=(p2-p1)/2
  tangents give continuous first derivative across batch boundaries.

#4 ppu: add per-slot sprite shift registers (spr_shift_lo/hi, spr_x_counter,
  spr_attr_latch). load_sprite_shifters fetches pattern bytes with h-flip at
  dot 1 of each visible scanline. sprite_pixel_from_shifters replaces the
  per-pixel OAM scan; sprite-0 hit detection integrated into the shifter path.

#5 joypad.rs: format_controller_read now preserves bits 1-5,7 as open bus
  (!0x41 mask) instead of zeroing bits 1-4, matching NES hardware behaviour.

src/native_core/apu/api.rs

@@ -365,6 +365,6 @@ impl Apu {
 
         let dmc = self.dmc_output_level;
 
-        ChannelOutputs { pulse1, pulse2, triangle, noise, dmc }
+        ChannelOutputs { pulse1, pulse2, triangle, noise, dmc, expansion: 0.0 }
     }
 }

src/native_core/apu/types.rs

@@ -5,6 +5,11 @@ pub struct ChannelOutputs {
     pub triangle: u8,
     pub noise: u8,
     pub dmc: u8,
+    /// Pre-mixed expansion audio from the cartridge mapper (VRC6, FME-7,
+    /// Namco163, etc.).  Normalized to roughly the same amplitude range as
+    /// the internal NES APU output.  Added linearly to the final sample
+    /// after the non-linear NES APU mixing stage.
+    pub expansion: f32,
 }
 
 pub(super) const APU_FRAME_SEQ_4_STEP_CYCLES: u32 = 14_915;

src/native_core/bus.rs

@@ -61,7 +61,9 @@ impl NativeBus {
     }
 
     pub fn apu_channel_outputs(&self) -> crate::native_core::apu::ChannelOutputs {
-        self.apu.channel_outputs()
+        let mut outputs = self.apu.channel_outputs();
+        outputs.expansion = self.mapper.expansion_audio_sample();
+        outputs
     }
 
     pub fn render_frame(&self, out_rgba: &mut [u8], frame_number: u32, buttons: [bool; 8]) {

src/native_core/bus/joypad.rs

@@ -67,8 +67,11 @@ impl NativeBus {
     }
 
     fn format_controller_read(&self, bit: u8) -> u8 {
-        // Controller reads expose serial data in bit0, keep bit6 high, and
+        // The NES controller port drives only bit 0 (serial data); bit 6 is
-        // preserve open-bus upper bits.
+        // held high by a pull-up on the expansion connector.  All other bits
-        (self.cpu_open_bus & 0xE0) | 0x40 | (bit & 1)
+        // (1-5, 7) float and retain whatever is currently on the CPU data bus
+        // (open bus).  !0x41 clears bits 6 and 0 so we can OR in their
+        // canonical values without corrupting any open-bus bits.
+        (self.cpu_open_bus & !0x41u8) | 0x40 | (bit & 1)
     }
 }

src/native_core/mapper/core.rs

@@ -26,6 +26,14 @@ pub trait Mapper {
     fn poll_irq(&mut self) -> bool {
         false
     }
+    /// Returns the current pre-mixed expansion audio sample for mappers that
+    /// include an on-cartridge sound chip (VRC6, FME-7/Sunsoft 5B, Namco163,
+    /// etc.).  The value is already normalized so that its amplitude is
+    /// comparable to the internal NES APU output range.  Default: 0.0
+    /// (no expansion audio).
+    fn expansion_audio_sample(&self) -> f32 {
+        0.0
+    }
     fn save_state(&self, out: &mut Vec<u8>);
     fn load_state(&mut self, data: &[u8]) -> Result<(), String>;
 }

src/native_core/mapper/mappers/fme7.rs

@@ -16,4 +16,13 @@ pub(crate) struct Fme7 {
     pub(super) irq_enabled: bool,
     pub(super) irq_counter_enabled: bool,
     pub(super) irq_pending: bool,
+    // Sunsoft 5B (YM2149 / AY-3-8910 compatible) expansion audio.
+    // Registers R0-R13 hold period, mixer, volume, and envelope config.
+    // Commands 0xC0-0xCF select audio register (low nibble).
+    pub(super) ay_regs: [u8; 16],
+    // Per-channel 12-bit period counter and current square-wave state.
+    pub(super) ay_timer: [u16; 3],
+    pub(super) ay_state: [bool; 3],
+    // Prescaler: the AY chip runs at CPU clock / 16.
+    pub(super) ay_prescaler: u8,
 }

src/native_core/mapper/mappers/mapper253.rs

@@ -103,6 +103,10 @@ impl Fme7 {
             irq_enabled: false,
             irq_counter_enabled: false,
             irq_pending: false,
+            ay_regs: [0; 16],
+            ay_timer: [1; 3],
+            ay_state: [false; 3],
+            ay_prescaler: 0,
         }
     }
 
@@ -137,15 +141,21 @@ impl Mapper for Fme7 {
 
     fn cpu_write(&mut self, addr: u16, value: u8) {
         if (0x8000..=0x9FFF).contains(&addr) {
-            self.command = value & 0x0F;
+            self.command = value;
             return;
         }
         if !(0xA000..=0xBFFF).contains(&addr) {
             return;
         }
 
-        match self.command {
+        // Commands 0xC0-0xCF: Sunsoft 5B (AY-3-8910) audio registers.
-            0x0..=0x7 => self.chr_banks[self.command as usize] = value,
+        if self.command >= 0xC0 {
+            self.ay_regs[(self.command & 0x0F) as usize] = value;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        match self.command & 0x0F {
+            0x0..=0x7 => self.chr_banks[(self.command & 0x0F) as usize] = value,
             0x8 => {
                 self.low_bank = value & 0x3F;
                 self.low_is_ram = (value & 0x40) != 0;
@@ -238,19 +248,57 @@ impl Mapper for Fme7 {
     }
 
     fn clock_cpu(&mut self, cycles: u8) {
-        if !self.irq_counter_enabled {
+        if self.irq_counter_enabled {
-            return;
+            for _ in 0..cycles {
-        }
+                if self.irq_counter == 0 {
-        for _ in 0..cycles {
+                    self.irq_counter = 0xFFFF;
-            if self.irq_counter == 0 {
+                    if self.irq_enabled {
-                self.irq_counter = 0xFFFF;
+                        self.irq_pending = true;
-                if self.irq_enabled {
+                    }
-                    self.irq_pending = true;
+                } else {
+                    self.irq_counter = self.irq_counter.wrapping_sub(1);
                 }
-            } else {
-                self.irq_counter = self.irq_counter.wrapping_sub(1);
             }
         }
+
+        // Sunsoft 5B AY-3-8910 timer: chip runs at CPU clock / 16.
+        // Each time the prescaler wraps, tick all three tone channels.
+        for _ in 0..cycles {
+            self.ay_prescaler = self.ay_prescaler.wrapping_add(1);
+            if self.ay_prescaler < 16 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            self.ay_prescaler = 0;
+            for ch in 0..3usize {
+                let period = {
+                    let lo = self.ay_regs[ch * 2] as u16;
+                    let hi = (self.ay_regs[ch * 2 + 1] & 0x0F) as u16;
+                    let p = (hi << 8) | lo;
+                    if p == 0 { 1 } else { p }
+                };
+                if self.ay_timer[ch] == 0 {
+                    self.ay_timer[ch] = period;
+                    self.ay_state[ch] = !self.ay_state[ch];
+                } else {
+                    self.ay_timer[ch] -= 1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn expansion_audio_sample(&self) -> f32 {
+        // Mixer register R7: bits 2:0 are tone-disable flags (0 = enabled).
+        let mixer = self.ay_regs[7];
+        let mut sample = 0.0f32;
+        for ch in 0..3usize {
+            let tone_enabled = (mixer >> ch) & 1 == 0;
+            if tone_enabled && self.ay_state[ch] {
+                let volume = (self.ay_regs[8 + ch] & 0x0F) as f32;
+                // Scale similarly to a NES pulse channel.
+                sample += volume * 0.00752;
+            }
+        }
+        sample
     }
 
     fn poll_irq(&mut self) -> bool {
@@ -271,12 +319,14 @@ impl Mapper for Fme7 {
         out.push(u8::from(self.irq_counter_enabled));
         out.push(u8::from(self.irq_pending));
         out.push(encode_mirroring(self.mirroring));
+        out.extend_from_slice(&self.ay_regs);
         write_state_bytes(out, &self.low_ram);
         write_chr_state(out, &self.chr_data);
     }
 
     fn load_state(&mut self, data: &[u8]) -> Result<(), String> {
-        if data.len() < 21 {
+        // 21 original + 16 ay_regs bytes
+        if data.len() < 21 + 16 {
             return Err("mapper state is truncated".to_string());
         }
         let mut cursor = 0usize;
@@ -302,6 +352,8 @@ impl Mapper for Fme7 {
         cursor += 1;
         self.mirroring = decode_mirroring(data[cursor]);
         cursor += 1;
+        self.ay_regs.copy_from_slice(&data[cursor..cursor + 16]);
+        cursor += 16;
         let low_ram_payload = read_state_bytes(data, &mut cursor)?;
         if low_ram_payload.len() != self.low_ram.len() {
             return Err("mapper state does not match loaded ROM".to_string());

src/native_core/mapper/mappers/namco163_19.rs

@@ -12,6 +12,12 @@ pub(crate) struct Namco163_19 {
     irq_counter: u16,
     irq_enabled: bool,
     irq_pending: bool,
+    // Namco163 wavetable audio.  Each active channel has a 24-bit phase
+    // accumulator.  Channels 7..7-N+1 are active (N from audio_ram[0x7F]).
+    // Phase increments by the 18-bit frequency value every 15 CPU cycles
+    // per active channel (chip cycles sequentially through all channels).
+    namco_phase: [u32; 8],
+    namco_cycle: u16,
 }
 
 impl Namco163_19 {
@@ -28,6 +34,8 @@ impl Namco163_19 {
             irq_counter: 0,
             irq_enabled: false,
             irq_pending: false,
+            namco_phase: [0; 8],
+            namco_cycle: 0,
         }
     }
 
@@ -144,14 +152,64 @@ impl Mapper for Namco163_19 {
     }
 
     fn clock_cpu(&mut self, cycles: u8) {
-        if !self.irq_enabled {
+        if self.irq_enabled {
-            return;
+            let sum = self.irq_counter as u32 + cycles as u32;
+            if sum > 0x7FFF {
+                self.irq_pending = true;
+            }
+            self.irq_counter = (sum as u16) & 0x7FFF;
         }
-        let sum = self.irq_counter as u32 + cycles as u32;
+
-        if sum > 0x7FFF {
+        // Namco163 audio: the chip cycles through all active channels, clocking
-            self.irq_pending = true;
+        // one channel every 15 CPU cycles.  When all channels have been clocked
+        // once, each channel's phase has advanced by its 18-bit frequency value.
+        let num_active = ((self.audio_ram[0x7F] >> 4) & 0x07) as u16 + 1;
+        let period = 15 * num_active;
+        for _ in 0..cycles {
+            self.namco_cycle += 1;
+            if self.namco_cycle >= period {
+                self.namco_cycle = 0;
+                for j in 0..num_active as usize {
+                    // Channel j registers start at audio_ram[0x40 + j*8].
+                    let base = 0x40 + j * 8;
+                    let freq = (self.audio_ram[base] as u32)
+                        | ((self.audio_ram[base + 2] as u32) << 8)
+                        | (((self.audio_ram[base + 4] & 0x03) as u32) << 16);
+                    self.namco_phase[j] =
+                        (self.namco_phase[j] + freq) & 0x00FF_FFFF;
+                }
+            }
         }
-        self.irq_counter = (sum as u16) & 0x7FFF;
+    }
+
+    fn expansion_audio_sample(&self) -> f32 {
+        let num_active = ((self.audio_ram[0x7F] >> 4) & 0x07) as usize + 1;
+        let mut output = 0.0f32;
+        for j in 0..num_active {
+            let base = 0x40 + j * 8;
+            // Wave length is stored in the upper 6 bits of the byte at base+4,
+            // encoded as (256 - wave_nibbles): value 0 → 256 nibbles.
+            let len_raw = (self.audio_ram[base + 4] >> 2) as u16;
+            let wave_len = if len_raw == 0 { 256u16 } else { 256 - len_raw * 4 };
+            let wave_len = wave_len.max(1);
+            let wave_addr = self.audio_ram[base + 6] as u16;
+            let volume = (self.audio_ram[base + 7] & 0x0F) as f32;
+
+            // Current position in the waveform (nibble index).
+            let nibble_pos = ((self.namco_phase[j] >> 16) as u16 % wave_len + wave_addr)
+                & 0xFF;
+            let byte = self.audio_ram[(nibble_pos / 2) as usize];
+            let nibble = if nibble_pos & 1 == 0 {
+                byte & 0x0F
+            } else {
+                (byte >> 4) & 0x0F
+            } as f32;
+
+            // Centre at 8 (DC = 0), scale by volume, normalize.
+            output += (nibble - 8.0) * volume / (15.0 * num_active as f32);
+        }
+        // Scale to NES amplitude range.
+        output * 0.02
     }
 
     fn poll_irq(&mut self) -> bool {

src/native_core/mapper/mappers/vrc/vrc6_24.rs

@@ -18,6 +18,27 @@ pub(crate) struct Vrc6_24 {
     irq_mode_cpu: bool,
     irq_pending: bool,
     irq_prescaler: i16,
+    // VRC6 expansion audio — 2 pulse channels + 1 sawtooth channel.
+    // Pulse channel n: 12-bit period timer, 4-bit volume, 3-bit duty (0-7),
+    //   mode flag (ignore duty → always output), gate (enabled) flag.
+    //   Timer decrements each CPU cycle; at 0 reload and advance duty_step (0-15).
+    //   Output: if mode OR duty_step <= duty → volume, else 0.
+    vrc6_pulse_period: [u16; 2],
+    vrc6_pulse_counter: [u16; 2],
+    vrc6_pulse_duty_step: [u8; 2],
+    vrc6_pulse_duty: [u8; 2],
+    vrc6_pulse_volume: [u8; 2],
+    vrc6_pulse_mode: [bool; 2],
+    vrc6_pulse_enabled: [bool; 2],
+    // Sawtooth channel: 12-bit period timer, 6-bit accumulator rate.
+    //   Step counter 0-6; on steps 1/3/5 accumulator += rate; on step 6 reset.
+    //   Output: accumulator >> 3.
+    vrc6_saw_period: u16,
+    vrc6_saw_counter: u16,
+    vrc6_saw_step: u8,
+    vrc6_saw_accumulator: u8,
+    vrc6_saw_rate: u8,
+    vrc6_saw_enabled: bool,
 }
 
 impl Vrc6_24 {
@@ -44,6 +65,19 @@ impl Vrc6_24 {
             irq_mode_cpu: false,
             irq_pending: false,
             irq_prescaler: 341,
+            vrc6_pulse_period: [0; 2],
+            vrc6_pulse_counter: [0; 2],
+            vrc6_pulse_duty_step: [0; 2],
+            vrc6_pulse_duty: [0; 2],
+            vrc6_pulse_volume: [0; 2],
+            vrc6_pulse_mode: [false; 2],
+            vrc6_pulse_enabled: [false; 2],
+            vrc6_saw_period: 0,
+            vrc6_saw_counter: 0,
+            vrc6_saw_step: 0,
+            vrc6_saw_accumulator: 0,
+            vrc6_saw_rate: 0,
+            vrc6_saw_enabled: false,
         }
     }
 
@@ -118,7 +152,47 @@ impl Mapper for Vrc6_24 {
         }
         match self.decode_register(addr) {
             0x8000..=0x8003 => self.prg_bank_16k = value & 0x0F,
+            // VRC6 pulse 1 registers ($9000-$9002)
+            0x9000 => {
+                self.vrc6_pulse_mode[0] = (value & 0x80) != 0;
+                self.vrc6_pulse_duty[0] = (value >> 4) & 0x07;
+                self.vrc6_pulse_volume[0] = value & 0x0F;
+            }
+            0x9001 => {
+                self.vrc6_pulse_period[0] =
+                    (self.vrc6_pulse_period[0] & 0x0F00) | value as u16;
+            }
+            0x9002 => {
+                self.vrc6_pulse_enabled[0] = (value & 0x80) != 0;
+                self.vrc6_pulse_period[0] =
+                    (self.vrc6_pulse_period[0] & 0x00FF) | (((value & 0x0F) as u16) << 8);
+            }
             0x9003 => self.control = value,
+            // VRC6 pulse 2 registers ($A000-$A002)
+            0xA000 => {
+                self.vrc6_pulse_mode[1] = (value & 0x80) != 0;
+                self.vrc6_pulse_duty[1] = (value >> 4) & 0x07;
+                self.vrc6_pulse_volume[1] = value & 0x0F;
+            }
+            0xA001 => {
+                self.vrc6_pulse_period[1] =
+                    (self.vrc6_pulse_period[1] & 0x0F00) | value as u16;
+            }
+            0xA002 => {
+                self.vrc6_pulse_enabled[1] = (value & 0x80) != 0;
+                self.vrc6_pulse_period[1] =
+                    (self.vrc6_pulse_period[1] & 0x00FF) | (((value & 0x0F) as u16) << 8);
+            }
+            // VRC6 sawtooth registers ($B000-$B002)
+            0xB000 => self.vrc6_saw_rate = value & 0x3F,
+            0xB001 => {
+                self.vrc6_saw_period = (self.vrc6_saw_period & 0x0F00) | value as u16;
+            }
+            0xB002 => {
+                self.vrc6_saw_enabled = (value & 0x80) != 0;
+                self.vrc6_saw_period =
+                    (self.vrc6_saw_period & 0x00FF) | (((value & 0x0F) as u16) << 8);
+            }
             0xC000..=0xC003 => self.prg_bank_8k = value & 0x1F,
             0xD000 => self.chr_banks_1k[0] = value,
             0xD001 => self.chr_banks_1k[1] = value,
@@ -193,6 +267,65 @@ impl Mapper for Vrc6_24 {
 
     fn clock_cpu(&mut self, cycles: u8) {
         vrc_irq_clock(cycles, self.irq_state());
+
+        for _ in 0..cycles {
+            // Pulse channels
+            for i in 0..2usize {
+                if !self.vrc6_pulse_enabled[i] {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if self.vrc6_pulse_counter[i] == 0 {
+                    self.vrc6_pulse_counter[i] = self.vrc6_pulse_period[i].max(1);
+                    self.vrc6_pulse_duty_step[i] = (self.vrc6_pulse_duty_step[i] + 1) & 0x0F;
+                } else {
+                    self.vrc6_pulse_counter[i] -= 1;
+                }
+            }
+            // Sawtooth channel
+            if self.vrc6_saw_enabled {
+                if self.vrc6_saw_counter == 0 {
+                    self.vrc6_saw_counter = self.vrc6_saw_period.max(1);
+                    self.vrc6_saw_step += 1;
+                    match self.vrc6_saw_step {
+                        1 | 3 | 5 => {
+                            self.vrc6_saw_accumulator =
+                                self.vrc6_saw_accumulator.wrapping_add(self.vrc6_saw_rate);
+                        }
+                        6 => {
+                            self.vrc6_saw_accumulator = 0;
+                            self.vrc6_saw_step = 0;
+                        }
+                        _ => {}
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    self.vrc6_saw_counter -= 1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn expansion_audio_sample(&self) -> f32 {
+        // Pulse 1 & 2: 4-bit output (0-15), scaled like NES pulse channels.
+        let mut sample = 0.0f32;
+        for i in 0..2usize {
+            if self.vrc6_pulse_enabled[i] {
+                let raw = if self.vrc6_pulse_mode[i]
+                    || self.vrc6_pulse_duty_step[i] <= self.vrc6_pulse_duty[i]
+                {
+                    self.vrc6_pulse_volume[i] as f32
+                } else {
+                    0.0
+                };
+                // Scale to match NES pulse level (0.00752 * 15 ≈ 0.113 max per channel).
+                sample += raw * 0.00752;
+            }
+        }
+        // Sawtooth: accumulator >> 3 gives a 0-23 range; scale comparably.
+        if self.vrc6_saw_enabled {
+            let raw = (self.vrc6_saw_accumulator >> 3) as f32;
+            sample += raw * 0.00752;
+        }
+        sample
     }
 
     fn poll_irq(&mut self) -> bool {
@@ -214,12 +347,30 @@ impl Mapper for Vrc6_24 {
         out.push(u8::from(self.irq_mode_cpu));
         out.push(u8::from(self.irq_pending));
         out.extend_from_slice(&self.irq_prescaler.to_le_bytes());
+        // VRC6 expansion audio state (24 bytes)
+        for i in 0..2 {
+            out.extend_from_slice(&self.vrc6_pulse_period[i].to_le_bytes());
+            out.extend_from_slice(&self.vrc6_pulse_counter[i].to_le_bytes());
+            out.push(self.vrc6_pulse_duty_step[i]);
+            out.push(self.vrc6_pulse_duty[i]);
+            out.push(self.vrc6_pulse_volume[i]);
+            out.push(
+                u8::from(self.vrc6_pulse_mode[i]) | (u8::from(self.vrc6_pulse_enabled[i]) << 1),
+            );
+        }
+        out.extend_from_slice(&self.vrc6_saw_period.to_le_bytes());
+        out.extend_from_slice(&self.vrc6_saw_counter.to_le_bytes());
+        out.push(self.vrc6_saw_step);
+        out.push(self.vrc6_saw_accumulator);
+        out.push(self.vrc6_saw_rate);
+        out.push(u8::from(self.vrc6_saw_enabled));
         write_state_bytes(out, &self.prg_ram);
         write_chr_state(out, &self.chr_data);
     }
 
     fn load_state(&mut self, data: &[u8]) -> Result<(), String> {
-        if data.len() < 1 + 1 + 1 + 8 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 {
+        // 20 fixed + 24 VRC6 audio bytes
+        if data.len() < 1 + 1 + 1 + 8 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 24 {
             return Err("mapper state is truncated".to_string());
         }
         let mut cursor = 0usize;
@@ -247,6 +398,37 @@ impl Mapper for Vrc6_24 {
         cursor += 1;
         self.irq_prescaler = i16::from_le_bytes([data[cursor], data[cursor + 1]]);
         cursor += 2;
+        // VRC6 expansion audio state
+        for i in 0..2 {
+            self.vrc6_pulse_period[i] =
+                u16::from_le_bytes([data[cursor], data[cursor + 1]]);
+            cursor += 2;
+            self.vrc6_pulse_counter[i] =
+                u16::from_le_bytes([data[cursor], data[cursor + 1]]);
+            cursor += 2;
+            self.vrc6_pulse_duty_step[i] = data[cursor];
+            cursor += 1;
+            self.vrc6_pulse_duty[i] = data[cursor];
+            cursor += 1;
+            self.vrc6_pulse_volume[i] = data[cursor];
+            cursor += 1;
+            let flags = data[cursor];
+            cursor += 1;
+            self.vrc6_pulse_mode[i] = (flags & 0x01) != 0;
+            self.vrc6_pulse_enabled[i] = (flags & 0x02) != 0;
+        }
+        self.vrc6_saw_period = u16::from_le_bytes([data[cursor], data[cursor + 1]]);
+        cursor += 2;
+        self.vrc6_saw_counter = u16::from_le_bytes([data[cursor], data[cursor + 1]]);
+        cursor += 2;
+        self.vrc6_saw_step = data[cursor];
+        cursor += 1;
+        self.vrc6_saw_accumulator = data[cursor];
+        cursor += 1;
+        self.vrc6_saw_rate = data[cursor];
+        cursor += 1;
+        self.vrc6_saw_enabled = data[cursor] != 0;
+        cursor += 1;
 
         let prg_ram = read_state_bytes(data, &mut cursor)?;
         if prg_ram.len() != self.prg_ram.len() {

src/native_core/ppu/api.rs

@@ -44,6 +44,10 @@ impl Ppu {
             sprite_count: 0,
             next_sprite_indices: [0; 8],
             next_sprite_count: 0,
+            spr_shift_lo: [0; 8],
+            spr_shift_hi: [0; 8],
+            spr_x_counter: [0; 8],
+            spr_attr_latch: [0; 8],
         }
     }
 
@@ -90,17 +94,33 @@ impl Ppu {
                 (self.read_palette(0), false)
             };
 
-            if !self.sprite0_hit_set() && self.sprite0_hit_at(mapper, y, dot) && bg_opaque {
+            // Advance sprite shift registers for every visible pixel
-                self.set_sprite0_hit(true);
+            // (unconditional so x-counters stay in sync even when the sprite
-            }
+            // layer is clipped on the left).
+            let spr_result = if self.sprites_enabled() {
+                self.sprite_pixel_from_shifters()
+            } else {
+                None
+            };
 
             let mut final_color = bg_color_index & 0x3F;
             let sprite_layer_enabled = show_spr && (x >= 8 || show_spr_left);
-            if sprite_layer_enabled
+            if sprite_layer_enabled {
-                && let Some((spr_color_index, behind_bg)) = self.sprite_pixel(mapper, x, y)
+                if let Some((spr_color_index, behind_bg, is_sprite0)) = spr_result {
-                && !(behind_bg && bg_opaque)
+                    // Sprite-0 hit: set when a non-transparent sprite-0 pixel
-            {
+                    // overlaps a non-transparent background pixel.  Suppressed
-                final_color = spr_color_index & 0x3F;
+                    // in the left 8 pixels when either clip bit is clear.
+                    if is_sprite0
+                        && bg_opaque
+                        && !self.sprite0_hit_set()
+                        && (x >= 8 || (show_bg_left && show_spr_left))
+                    {
+                        self.set_sprite0_hit(true);
+                    }
+                    if !(behind_bg && bg_opaque) {
+                        final_color = spr_color_index & 0x3F;
+                    }
+                }
             }
 
             let (r, g, b) = apply_color_emphasis(nes_rgb(final_color), self.mask);
@@ -160,11 +180,13 @@ impl Ppu {
         }
 
         if rendering_active {
-            // Transfer pre-evaluated sprite list at the start of each visible scanline,
+            // Transfer pre-evaluated sprite list at the start of each visible
-            // so dots 1-256 render with the correct sprites for *this* scanline.
+            // scanline, then immediately load the per-slot shift registers so
+            // that dots 1-256 render with the correct sprites for *this* line.
             if scanline < 240 && dot == 1 && self.sprites_enabled() {
                 self.sprite_count = self.next_sprite_count;
                 self.sprite_indices = self.next_sprite_indices;
+                self.load_sprite_shifters(mapper, scanline);
             }
 
             if dot == 256 {
@@ -284,6 +306,93 @@ impl Ppu {
         (count, indices, overflow)
     }
 
+    /// Fetch pattern bytes for the sprites evaluated for `scanline` and load
+    /// them into the per-slot shift registers.  Called once at dot 1 of each
+    /// visible scanline so that `sprite_pixel_from_shifters` can provide
+    /// cycle-accurate, shift-register-based sprite rendering for dots 1-256.
+    pub(super) fn load_sprite_shifters(&mut self, mapper: &dyn Mapper, scanline: u32) {
+        let sprite_height = if (self.ctrl & 0x20) != 0 { 16i16 } else { 8i16 };
+        for slot in 0..8usize {
+            // Default: inactive slot — shifters transparent, counter parked.
+            self.spr_shift_lo[slot] = 0;
+            self.spr_shift_hi[slot] = 0;
+            self.spr_x_counter[slot] = 0xFF;
+            self.spr_attr_latch[slot] = 0;
+            if slot >= self.sprite_count as usize {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let i = self.sprite_indices[slot] as usize;
+            let oam_idx = i * 4;
+            let attr = self.oam[oam_idx + 2];
+            let tile = self.oam[oam_idx + 1];
+            let sprite_y = self.oam[oam_idx] as i16 + 1;
+            let mut row = scanline as i16 - sprite_y;
+            if row < 0 || row >= sprite_height {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (attr & 0x80) != 0 {
+                row = sprite_height - 1 - row; // vertical flip
+            }
+            let (lo_addr, hi_addr) = if sprite_height == 16 {
+                let table = ((tile & 1) as u16) << 12;
+                let tile_num = (tile & 0xFE).wrapping_add((row / 8) as u8) as u16;
+                let row_in_tile = (row & 7) as u16;
+                let lo = table + tile_num * 16 + row_in_tile;
+                (lo, lo + 8)
+            } else {
+                let table = if (self.ctrl & 0x08) != 0 { 0x1000u16 } else { 0u16 };
+                let lo = table + (tile as u16) * 16 + row as u16;
+                (lo, lo + 8)
+            };
+            let mut lo = mapper.ppu_read(lo_addr);
+            let mut hi = mapper.ppu_read(hi_addr);
+            if (attr & 0x40) != 0 {
+                // Horizontal flip: reverse bit order so MSB is always the
+                // leftmost pixel when we shift out from bit 7.
+                lo = lo.reverse_bits();
+                hi = hi.reverse_bits();
+            }
+            self.spr_shift_lo[slot] = lo;
+            self.spr_shift_hi[slot] = hi;
+            self.spr_x_counter[slot] = self.oam[oam_idx + 3];
+            self.spr_attr_latch[slot] = attr;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Advance all active sprite shift registers by one pixel and return the
+    /// colour and priority of the first non-transparent sprite pixel found.
+    /// The third element of the tuple is `true` when the winning sprite is
+    /// OAM sprite 0 (used for sprite-0 hit detection).
+    ///
+    /// Every active slot is always updated regardless of which slot wins, so
+    /// this must be called exactly once per visible pixel dot (1-256).
+    pub(super) fn sprite_pixel_from_shifters(&mut self) -> Option<(u8, bool, bool)> {
+        let mut result: Option<(u8, bool, bool)> = None;
+        for slot in 0..self.sprite_count as usize {
+            if self.spr_x_counter[slot] > 0 {
+                self.spr_x_counter[slot] -= 1;
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Extract the MSB from each pattern plane then advance the shifter.
+            let lo_bit = (self.spr_shift_lo[slot] >> 7) & 1;
+            let hi_bit = (self.spr_shift_hi[slot] >> 7) & 1;
+            self.spr_shift_lo[slot] <<= 1;
+            self.spr_shift_hi[slot] <<= 1;
+            if result.is_none() {
+                let pix = lo_bit | (hi_bit << 1);
+                if pix != 0 {
+                    let attr = self.spr_attr_latch[slot];
+                    let pal_idx = (((attr & 0x03) as u16) << 2) | pix as u16;
+                    let color = self.read_palette(0x10 | pal_idx);
+                    let behind_bg = (attr & 0x20) != 0;
+                    let is_sprite0 = self.sprite_indices[slot] == 0;
+                    result = Some((color, behind_bg, is_sprite0));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        result
+    }
+
     pub fn note_scroll_register_write_legacy(&mut self, scanline: usize, dot: u32) {
         let mut target_scanline = scanline;
         let mut x_start = 0u8;

src/native_core/ppu/types.rs

@@ -42,6 +42,15 @@ pub struct Ppu {
     pub(super) sprite_count: u8,
     pub(super) next_sprite_indices: [u8; 8],
     pub(super) next_sprite_count: u8,
+    // Per-slot sprite shift registers loaded at dot 1 of each visible scanline.
+    // spr_shift_lo/hi hold the 8-bit pattern row (h-flip already applied).
+    // spr_x_counter counts down the remaining pixels before a slot becomes
+    // active; when it reaches 0 the slot starts shifting out pixel bits.
+    // spr_attr_latch stores the OAM attribute byte (priority, palette, flips).
+    pub(super) spr_shift_lo: [u8; 8],
+    pub(super) spr_shift_hi: [u8; 8],
+    pub(super) spr_x_counter: [u8; 8],
+    pub(super) spr_attr_latch: [u8; 8],
 }
 
 impl Default for Ppu {

src/runtime/audio.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,13 @@ pub struct AudioMixer {
     samples_per_cpu_cycle: f64,
     sample_accumulator: f64,
     last_output_sample: f32,
+    // Previous output sample (two batches ago) used as the p0 control point
+    // for Catmull-Rom Hermite interpolation.  Storing p0 allows the tangent at
+    // the start of each interpolation interval to be computed as
+    //   m1 = (p2 - p0) / 2
+    // which produces a smooth, continuous first derivative across batch
+    // boundaries rather than the kink introduced by linear ramps.
+    prev_sample: f32,
     // One-pole IIR low-pass filter state (approximates NES ~14 kHz RC filter).
     // Coefficient: a = exp(-2π * fc / fs). At fc=14000, fs=48000: a ≈ 0.160
     lp_coeff: f32,
@@ -31,6 +38,7 @@ impl AudioMixer {
             samples_per_cpu_cycle: sample_rate as f64 / cpu_hz,
             sample_accumulator: 0.0,
             last_output_sample: 0.0,
+            prev_sample: 0.0,
             lp_coeff,
             lp_state: 0.0,
             hp_coeff,
@@ -46,6 +54,7 @@ impl AudioMixer {
     pub fn reset(&mut self) {
         self.sample_accumulator = 0.0;
         self.last_output_sample = 0.0;
+        self.prev_sample = 0.0;
         self.lp_state = 0.0;
         self.hp_prev_x = 0.0;
         self.hp_prev_y = 0.0;
@@ -56,39 +65,75 @@ impl AudioMixer {
         let samples = self.sample_accumulator.floor() as usize;
         self.sample_accumulator -= samples as f64;
 
-        let pulse_out = 0.00752 * (f32::from(channels.pulse1) + f32::from(channels.pulse2));
+        // NES non-linear APU mixing (Blargg's reference formulas).
-        let tnd_out = 0.00851 * f32::from(channels.triangle)
+        // Pulse channels use a shared lookup:
-            + 0.00494 * f32::from(channels.noise)
+        //   pulse_out = 95.88 / (8128 / (p1 + p2) + 100)
-            + 0.00335 * f32::from(channels.dmc);
+        // TND channels use a separate lookup:
-        let sample = pulse_out + tnd_out;
+        //   tnd_out = 159.79 / (1 / (tri/8227 + noise/12241 + dmc/22638) + 100)
+        // Both formulas produce 0.0 when all contributing channels are silent.
+        let p_sum = f32::from(channels.pulse1) + f32::from(channels.pulse2);
+        let pulse_out = if p_sum == 0.0 {
+            0.0
+        } else {
+            95.88 / (8128.0 / p_sum + 100.0)
+        };
+        let tnd_sum = f32::from(channels.triangle) / 8227.0
+            + f32::from(channels.noise) / 12241.0
+            + f32::from(channels.dmc) / 22638.0;
+        let tnd_out = if tnd_sum == 0.0 {
+            0.0
+        } else {
+            159.79 / (1.0 / tnd_sum + 100.0)
+        };
+        let sample = pulse_out + tnd_out + channels.expansion;
 
         if samples == 0 {
             return;
         }
 
-        let start = self.last_output_sample;
+        // Catmull-Rom Hermite interpolation between the previous batch sample
+        // (p1 = last_output_sample) and the current batch sample (p2 = sample).
+        //
+        // The tangent at p1 uses the two-point central difference:
+        //   m1 = (p2 - p0) / 2,  where p0 = prev_sample (two batches ago).
+        // The tangent at p2 uses the forward difference (p3 approximated as p2,
+        // i.e. the signal stays flat beyond the current batch):
+        //   m2 = (p2 - p1) / 2.
+        //
+        // Hermite basis:
+        //   h00(t) = 2t³ - 3t² + 1
+        //   h10(t) = t³  - 2t² + t
+        //   h01(t) = -2t³ + 3t²
+        //   h11(t) = t³  -  t²
+        //   f(t)   = h00·p1 + h10·m1 + h01·p2 + h11·m2
+        //
+        // For t = 1 this collapses to p2, so the last output of each batch
+        // always lands exactly on the current APU sample value.
+        let p0 = self.prev_sample;
+        let p1 = self.last_output_sample;
+        let p2 = sample;
+        let m1 = (p2 - p0) * 0.5;
+        let m2 = (p2 - p1) * 0.5;
+
+        let denom = samples as f32;
         let a = self.lp_coeff;
         let b = 1.0 - a;
-        if samples == 1 {
+        for idx in 0..samples {
-            let lp = a * self.lp_state + b * sample;
+            let t = (idx + 1) as f32 / denom;
+            let t2 = t * t;
+            let t3 = t2 * t;
+            let interp = (2.0 * t3 - 3.0 * t2 + 1.0) * p1
+                + (t3 - 2.0 * t2 + t) * m1
+                + (-2.0 * t3 + 3.0 * t2) * p2
+                + (t3 - t2) * m2;
+            let lp = a * self.lp_state + b * interp;
             self.lp_state = lp;
             let hp = self.hp_coeff * self.hp_prev_y + lp - self.hp_prev_x;
             self.hp_prev_x = lp;
             self.hp_prev_y = hp;
             out.push(hp);
-        } else {
-            let denom = samples as f32;
-            for idx in 0..samples {
-                let t = (idx + 1) as f32 / denom;
-                let interp = start + (sample - start) * t;
-                let lp = a * self.lp_state + b * interp;
-                self.lp_state = lp;
-                let hp = self.hp_coeff * self.hp_prev_y + lp - self.hp_prev_x;
-                self.hp_prev_x = lp;
-                self.hp_prev_y = hp;
-                out.push(hp);
-            }
         }
+        self.prev_sample = p1;
         self.last_output_sample = sample;
     }
 }
@@ -118,6 +163,7 @@ mod tests {
             triangle: 15,
             noise: 15,
             dmc: 127,
+            expansion: 0.0,
         };
         let mut out = Vec::new();
         mixer.push_cycles(50, channels, &mut out);
@@ -143,6 +189,7 @@ mod tests {
                 triangle: 15,
                 noise: 15,
                 dmc: 127,
+                expansion: 0.0,
             },
             &mut out,
         );