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Author SHA1 Message Date
18cec7bac7 fix: stabilize desktop audio playback
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2026-03-13 18:58:07 +03:00
9068e78a62 docs: add audio output design spec and implementation plan
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-03-13 16:21:30 +03:00
f9b2b05f3f feat(desktop): replace audio stub with cpal backend and volume slider
- CpalAudioSink writes to SPSC ring buffer, cpal callback reads
- Graceful fallback to silent operation on audio device errors
- Volume slider (0-100%) in header bar with speaker icon
- Ring buffer cleared on ROM load and reset

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-03-13 16:21:25 +03:00
c97bad5551 feat: add lock-free SPSC ring buffer for audio streaming
AtomicU32-based storage avoids unsafe while maintaining SPSC guarantees.
Capacity: 4096 samples (~85ms at 48kHz). Exported from crate root.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-03-13 16:21:19 +03:00
17 changed files with 2585 additions and 78 deletions

3
.gitignore vendored
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@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
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"bumpalo",
"proc-macro2",
"quote",
"syn",
"wasm-bindgen-shared",
]
[[package]]
name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
version = "0.2.114"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "75a326b8c223ee17883a4251907455a2431acc2791c98c26279376490c378c16"
dependencies = [
"unicode-ident",
]
[[package]]
name = "web-sys"
version = "0.3.91"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "854ba17bb104abfb26ba36da9729addc7ce7f06f5c0f90f3c391f8461cca21f9"
dependencies = [
"js-sys",
"wasm-bindgen",
]
[[package]]
name = "winapi-util"
version = "0.1.11"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "c2a7b1c03c876122aa43f3020e6c3c3ee5c05081c9a00739faf7503aeba10d22"
dependencies = [
"windows-sys 0.52.0",
]
[[package]]
name = "windows"
version = "0.54.0"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "9252e5725dbed82865af151df558e754e4a3c2c30818359eb17465f1346a1b49"
dependencies = [
"windows-core",
"windows-targets 0.52.6",
]
[[package]]
name = "windows-core"
version = "0.54.0"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "12661b9c89351d684a50a8a643ce5f608e20243b9fb84687800163429f161d65"
dependencies = [
"windows-result",
"windows-targets 0.52.6",
]
[[package]]
name = "windows-link"
version = "0.2.1"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "f0805222e57f7521d6a62e36fa9163bc891acd422f971defe97d64e70d0a4fe5"
[[package]]
name = "windows-result"
version = "0.1.2"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "5e383302e8ec8515204254685643de10811af0ed97ea37210dc26fb0032647f8"
dependencies = [
"windows-targets 0.52.6",
]
[[package]]
name = "windows-sys"
version = "0.45.0"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "75283be5efb2831d37ea142365f009c02ec203cd29a3ebecbc093d52315b66d0"
dependencies = [
"windows-targets 0.42.2",
]
[[package]]
name = "windows-sys"
version = "0.52.0"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "282be5f36a8ce781fad8c8ae18fa3f9beff57ec1b52cb3de0789201425d9a33d"
dependencies = [
"windows-targets",
"windows-targets 0.52.6",
]
[[package]]
name = "windows-targets"
version = "0.42.2"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "8e5180c00cd44c9b1c88adb3693291f1cd93605ded80c250a75d472756b4d071"
dependencies = [
"windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.42.2",
"windows_aarch64_msvc 0.42.2",
"windows_i686_gnu 0.42.2",
"windows_i686_msvc 0.42.2",
"windows_x86_64_gnu 0.42.2",
"windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.42.2",
"windows_x86_64_msvc 0.42.2",
]
[[package]]
@@ -716,28 +1333,46 @@ version = "0.52.6"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "9b724f72796e036ab90c1021d4780d4d3d648aca59e491e6b98e725b84e99973"
dependencies = [
"windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
"windows_aarch64_msvc",
"windows_i686_gnu",
"windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.52.6",
"windows_aarch64_msvc 0.52.6",
"windows_i686_gnu 0.52.6",
"windows_i686_gnullvm",
"windows_i686_msvc",
"windows_x86_64_gnu",
"windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
"windows_x86_64_msvc",
"windows_i686_msvc 0.52.6",
"windows_x86_64_gnu 0.52.6",
"windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.52.6",
"windows_x86_64_msvc 0.52.6",
]
[[package]]
name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
version = "0.42.2"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "597a5118570b68bc08d8d59125332c54f1ba9d9adeedeef5b99b02ba2b0698f8"
[[package]]
name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
version = "0.52.6"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "32a4622180e7a0ec044bb555404c800bc9fd9ec262ec147edd5989ccd0c02cd3"
[[package]]
name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
version = "0.42.2"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "e08e8864a60f06ef0d0ff4ba04124db8b0fb3be5776a5cd47641e942e58c4d43"
[[package]]
name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
version = "0.52.6"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "09ec2a7bb152e2252b53fa7803150007879548bc709c039df7627cabbd05d469"
[[package]]
name = "windows_i686_gnu"
version = "0.42.2"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "c61d927d8da41da96a81f029489353e68739737d3beca43145c8afec9a31a84f"
[[package]]
name = "windows_i686_gnu"
version = "0.52.6"
@@ -750,24 +1385,48 @@ version = "0.52.6"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "0eee52d38c090b3caa76c563b86c3a4bd71ef1a819287c19d586d7334ae8ed66"
[[package]]
name = "windows_i686_msvc"
version = "0.42.2"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "44d840b6ec649f480a41c8d80f9c65108b92d89345dd94027bfe06ac444d1060"
[[package]]
name = "windows_i686_msvc"
version = "0.52.6"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "240948bc05c5e7c6dabba28bf89d89ffce3e303022809e73deaefe4f6ec56c66"
[[package]]
name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
version = "0.42.2"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "8de912b8b8feb55c064867cf047dda097f92d51efad5b491dfb98f6bbb70cb36"
[[package]]
name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
version = "0.52.6"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "147a5c80aabfbf0c7d901cb5895d1de30ef2907eb21fbbab29ca94c5b08b1a78"
[[package]]
name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
version = "0.42.2"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "26d41b46a36d453748aedef1486d5c7a85db22e56aff34643984ea85514e94a3"
[[package]]
name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
version = "0.52.6"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "24d5b23dc417412679681396f2b49f3de8c1473deb516bd34410872eff51ed0d"
[[package]]
name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
version = "0.42.2"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "9aec5da331524158c6d1a4ac0ab1541149c0b9505fde06423b02f5ef0106b9f0"
[[package]]
name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
version = "0.52.6"
@@ -782,3 +1441,9 @@ checksum = "df79d97927682d2fd8adb29682d1140b343be4ac0f08fd68b7765d9c059d3945"
dependencies = [
"memchr",
]
[[package]]
name = "wit-bindgen"
version = "0.51.0"
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
checksum = "d7249219f66ced02969388cf2bb044a09756a083d0fab1e566056b04d9fbcaa5"

View File

@@ -40,3 +40,12 @@ match_same_arms = "allow"
module_name_repetitions = "allow"
too_many_lines = "allow"
needless_pass_by_value = "allow"
[profile.dev]
opt-level = 1
[profile.dev.package.nesemu]
opt-level = 3
[profile.dev.package.nesemu-desktop]
opt-level = 2

View File

@@ -7,3 +7,4 @@ edition = "2024"
nesemu = { path = "../.." }
gtk4 = "0.8"
cairo-rs = "0.19"
cpal = "0.15"

View File

@@ -1,23 +1,27 @@
use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::time::Duration;
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU32, Ordering as AtomicOrdering};
use std::sync::Arc;
use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
use gtk::gio;
use gtk::gdk;
use gtk::gio;
use gtk::glib;
use gtk::prelude::*;
use gtk4 as gtk;
use nesemu::prelude::{EmulationState, HostConfig, RuntimeHostLoop};
use nesemu::{
FRAME_HEIGHT, FRAME_RGBA_BYTES, FRAME_WIDTH, FrameClock, InputProvider, JoypadButton,
JoypadButtons, NesRuntime, set_button_pressed,
set_button_pressed, FrameClock, InputProvider, JoypadButton, JoypadButtons, NesRuntime,
RingBuffer, VideoMode, VideoOutput, FRAME_HEIGHT, FRAME_RGBA_BYTES, FRAME_WIDTH,
};
const APP_ID: &str = "org.nesemu.desktop";
const TITLE: &str = "NES Emulator";
const SCALE: i32 = 3;
const SAMPLE_RATE: u32 = 48_000;
const AUDIO_RING_CAPACITY: usize = 1536;
const AUDIO_CALLBACK_FRAMES: u32 = 256;
fn main() {
if std::env::var_os("GSK_RENDERER").is_none() {
@@ -26,9 +30,7 @@ fn main() {
}
}
let app = gtk::Application::builder()
.application_id(APP_ID)
.build();
let app = gtk::Application::builder().application_id(APP_ID).build();
let initial_rom: Rc<RefCell<Option<PathBuf>>> =
Rc::new(RefCell::new(std::env::args().nth(1).map(PathBuf::from)));
@@ -73,10 +75,33 @@ fn build_ui(app: &gtk::Application, initial_rom: Option<PathBuf>) {
.sensitive(false)
.build();
let volume = Arc::new(AtomicU32::new(f32::to_bits(0.75)));
let volume_scale = gtk::Scale::with_range(gtk::Orientation::Horizontal, 0.0, 1.0, 0.05);
volume_scale.set_value(0.75);
volume_scale.set_draw_value(false);
volume_scale.set_width_request(100);
volume_scale.set_tooltip_text(Some("Volume"));
volume_scale.set_focusable(false);
{
let volume = Arc::clone(&volume);
volume_scale.connect_value_changed(move |scale| {
let val = scale.value() as f32;
volume.store(f32::to_bits(val), AtomicOrdering::Relaxed);
});
}
header.pack_start(&open_button);
header.pack_start(&pause_button);
header.pack_start(&reset_button);
let volume_box = gtk::Box::new(gtk::Orientation::Horizontal, 4);
let volume_icon = gtk::Image::from_icon_name("audio-volume-high-symbolic");
volume_box.append(&volume_icon);
volume_box.append(&volume_scale);
header.pack_end(&volume_box);
window.set_titlebar(Some(&header));
// --- Drawing area ---
@@ -99,17 +124,18 @@ fn build_ui(app: &gtk::Application, initial_rom: Option<PathBuf>) {
window.set_child(Some(&overlay));
// --- State ---
let desktop = Rc::new(RefCell::new(DesktopApp::new()));
let frame_for_draw: Rc<RefCell<Vec<u8>>> =
Rc::new(RefCell::new(vec![0u8; FRAME_RGBA_BYTES]));
let desktop = Rc::new(RefCell::new(DesktopApp::new(Arc::clone(&volume))));
let frame_for_draw: Rc<RefCell<Vec<u8>>> = Rc::new(RefCell::new(vec![0u8; FRAME_RGBA_BYTES]));
let scheduler = Rc::new(RefCell::new(DesktopFrameScheduler::new()));
// --- Draw function (pixel-perfect nearest-neighbor) ---
{
let frame_for_draw = Rc::clone(&frame_for_draw);
drawing_area.set_draw_func(move |_da, cr, width, height| {
let frame = frame_for_draw.borrow();
let stride =
cairo::Format::ARgb32.stride_for_width(FRAME_WIDTH as u32).unwrap();
let stride = cairo::Format::ARgb32
.stride_for_width(FRAME_WIDTH as u32)
.unwrap();
let mut argb = vec![0u8; stride as usize * FRAME_HEIGHT];
for y in 0..FRAME_HEIGHT {
for x in 0..FRAME_WIDTH {
@@ -198,6 +224,7 @@ fn build_ui(app: &gtk::Application, initial_rom: Option<PathBuf>) {
// --- Open ROM handler ---
let do_open_rom = {
let desktop = Rc::clone(&desktop);
let scheduler = Rc::clone(&scheduler);
let sync_ui = Rc::clone(&sync_ui);
let window = window.clone();
Rc::new(move || {
@@ -219,6 +246,7 @@ fn build_ui(app: &gtk::Application, initial_rom: Option<PathBuf>) {
chooser.add_filter(&all_filter);
let desktop = Rc::clone(&desktop);
let scheduler = Rc::clone(&scheduler);
let sync_ui = Rc::clone(&sync_ui);
chooser.connect_response(move |dialog, response| {
if response == gtk::ResponseType::Accept {
@@ -227,6 +255,7 @@ fn build_ui(app: &gtk::Application, initial_rom: Option<PathBuf>) {
if let Err(err) = app_state.load_rom_from_path(&path) {
eprintln!("Failed to load ROM '{}': {err}", path.display());
} else {
scheduler.borrow_mut().reset_timing();
let name = rom_filename(&path);
sync_ui(&app_state, Some(&name));
}
@@ -248,20 +277,24 @@ fn build_ui(app: &gtk::Application, initial_rom: Option<PathBuf>) {
{
let desktop = Rc::clone(&desktop);
let scheduler = Rc::clone(&scheduler);
let sync_ui = Rc::clone(&sync_ui);
pause_button.connect_clicked(move |_| {
let mut app_state = desktop.borrow_mut();
app_state.toggle_pause();
scheduler.borrow_mut().reset_timing();
sync_ui(&app_state, None);
});
}
{
let desktop = Rc::clone(&desktop);
let scheduler = Rc::clone(&scheduler);
let sync_ui = Rc::clone(&sync_ui);
reset_button.connect_clicked(move |_| {
let mut app_state = desktop.borrow_mut();
app_state.reset();
scheduler.borrow_mut().reset_timing();
sync_ui(&app_state, None);
});
}
@@ -280,11 +313,13 @@ fn build_ui(app: &gtk::Application, initial_rom: Option<PathBuf>) {
let action_pause = gio::SimpleAction::new("toggle-pause", None);
{
let desktop = Rc::clone(&desktop);
let scheduler = Rc::clone(&scheduler);
let sync_ui = Rc::clone(&sync_ui);
action_pause.connect_activate(move |_, _| {
let mut app_state = desktop.borrow_mut();
if app_state.is_loaded() {
app_state.toggle_pause();
scheduler.borrow_mut().reset_timing();
sync_ui(&app_state, None);
}
});
@@ -295,11 +330,13 @@ fn build_ui(app: &gtk::Application, initial_rom: Option<PathBuf>) {
let action_reset = gio::SimpleAction::new("reset", None);
{
let desktop = Rc::clone(&desktop);
let scheduler = Rc::clone(&scheduler);
let sync_ui = Rc::clone(&sync_ui);
action_reset.connect_activate(move |_, _| {
let mut app_state = desktop.borrow_mut();
if app_state.is_loaded() {
app_state.reset();
scheduler.borrow_mut().reset_timing();
sync_ui(&app_state, None);
}
});
@@ -329,6 +366,7 @@ fn build_ui(app: &gtk::Application, initial_rom: Option<PathBuf>) {
// --- Drag-and-drop ---
{
let desktop = Rc::clone(&desktop);
let scheduler = Rc::clone(&scheduler);
let sync_ui = Rc::clone(&sync_ui);
let drop_target = gtk::DropTarget::new(gio::File::static_type(), gdk::DragAction::COPY);
drop_target.connect_drop(move |_, value, _, _| {
@@ -339,6 +377,7 @@ fn build_ui(app: &gtk::Application, initial_rom: Option<PathBuf>) {
eprintln!("Failed to load ROM '{}': {err}", path.display());
return false;
}
scheduler.borrow_mut().reset_timing();
let name = rom_filename(&path);
sync_ui(&app_state, Some(&name));
return true;
@@ -351,23 +390,45 @@ fn build_ui(app: &gtk::Application, initial_rom: Option<PathBuf>) {
// --- Game loop ---
{
let desktop = Rc::clone(&desktop);
let drawing_area = drawing_area.clone();
let frame_for_draw = Rc::clone(&frame_for_draw);
glib::timeout_add_local(Duration::from_millis(16), move || {
schedule_game_loop(
Rc::clone(&desktop),
drawing_area.clone(),
Rc::clone(&frame_for_draw),
Rc::clone(&scheduler),
);
}
window.present();
}
fn schedule_game_loop(
desktop: Rc<RefCell<DesktopApp>>,
drawing_area: gtk::DrawingArea,
frame_for_draw: Rc<RefCell<Vec<u8>>>,
scheduler: Rc<RefCell<DesktopFrameScheduler>>,
) {
let interval = desktop.borrow().frame_interval();
let delay = scheduler
.borrow_mut()
.delay_until_next_frame(Instant::now(), interval);
glib::timeout_add_local_once(delay, move || {
{
let mut app_state = desktop.borrow_mut();
let now = Instant::now();
let interval = app_state.frame_interval();
scheduler.borrow_mut().mark_frame_complete(now, interval);
app_state.tick();
frame_for_draw
.borrow_mut()
.copy_from_slice(app_state.frame_rgba());
drawing_area.queue_draw();
glib::ControlFlow::Continue
});
}
window.present();
schedule_game_loop(desktop, drawing_area, frame_for_draw, scheduler);
});
}
fn rom_filename(path: &Path) -> String {
@@ -409,14 +470,165 @@ impl InputProvider for InputState {
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Audio (stub)
// Audio (cpal backend)
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#[derive(Default)]
struct AudioSink;
struct CpalAudioSink {
_stream: Option<cpal::Stream>,
ring: Arc<RingBuffer>,
_volume: Arc<AtomicU32>,
}
impl nesemu::AudioOutput for AudioSink {
fn push_samples(&mut self, _samples: &[f32]) {}
impl CpalAudioSink {
fn new(volume: Arc<AtomicU32>) -> Self {
let ring = Arc::new(RingBuffer::new(AUDIO_RING_CAPACITY));
let ring_for_cb = Arc::clone(&ring);
let vol_for_cb = Arc::clone(&volume);
let stream = Self::try_build_stream(ring_for_cb, vol_for_cb);
Self {
_stream: stream,
ring,
_volume: volume,
}
}
fn try_build_stream(ring: Arc<RingBuffer>, volume: Arc<AtomicU32>) -> Option<cpal::Stream> {
use cpal::traits::{DeviceTrait, HostTrait, StreamTrait};
let host = cpal::default_host();
let device = match host.default_output_device() {
Some(d) => d,
None => {
eprintln!("No audio output device found — running without sound");
return None;
}
};
let config = cpal_stream_config();
let stream = match device.build_output_stream(
&config,
move |data: &mut [f32], _: &cpal::OutputCallbackInfo| {
let read = ring.pop(data);
for sample in &mut data[read..] {
*sample = 0.0;
}
let vol = f32::from_bits(volume.load(AtomicOrdering::Relaxed));
for sample in &mut data[..read] {
*sample *= vol;
}
},
move |err| {
eprintln!("Audio stream error: {err}");
},
None,
) {
Ok(s) => s,
Err(err) => {
eprintln!("Failed to build audio stream: {err} — running without sound");
return None;
}
};
if let Err(err) = stream.play() {
eprintln!("Failed to start audio stream: {err} — running without sound");
return None;
}
Some(stream)
}
/// Reset the ring buffer. Note: the cpal callback may still be calling
/// `pop()` concurrently; in practice this is benign — at worst a few stale
/// samples are played during the ROM load / reset transition.
fn clear(&self) {
self.ring.clear();
}
}
impl nesemu::AudioOutput for CpalAudioSink {
fn push_samples(&mut self, samples: &[f32]) {
self.ring.push(samples);
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
fn audio_ring_latency_ms(capacity: usize, sample_rate: u32) -> f64 {
((capacity.saturating_sub(1)) as f64 / sample_rate as f64) * 1000.0
}
#[cfg(test)]
fn required_audio_ring_capacity(sample_rate: u32, mode: VideoMode) -> usize {
let samples_per_frame = (sample_rate as f64 / mode.frame_hz()).ceil() as usize;
samples_per_frame + AUDIO_CALLBACK_FRAMES as usize + 1
}
fn cpal_stream_config() -> cpal::StreamConfig {
cpal::StreamConfig {
channels: 1,
sample_rate: cpal::SampleRate(SAMPLE_RATE),
buffer_size: cpal::BufferSize::Fixed(AUDIO_CALLBACK_FRAMES),
}
}
struct DesktopFrameScheduler {
next_deadline: Option<Instant>,
}
impl DesktopFrameScheduler {
fn new() -> Self {
Self {
next_deadline: None,
}
}
fn reset_timing(&mut self) {
self.next_deadline = None;
}
fn delay_until_next_frame(&mut self, now: Instant, _interval: Duration) -> Duration {
match self.next_deadline {
None => {
self.next_deadline = Some(now);
Duration::ZERO
}
Some(deadline) if now < deadline => deadline - now,
Some(_) => Duration::ZERO,
}
}
fn mark_frame_complete(&mut self, now: Instant, interval: Duration) {
let mut next_deadline = self.next_deadline.unwrap_or(now) + interval;
while next_deadline <= now {
next_deadline += interval;
}
self.next_deadline = Some(next_deadline);
}
}
struct BufferedVideo {
frame_rgba: Vec<u8>,
}
impl BufferedVideo {
fn new() -> Self {
Self {
frame_rgba: vec![0; FRAME_RGBA_BYTES],
}
}
fn frame_rgba(&self) -> &[u8] {
&self.frame_rgba
}
}
impl VideoOutput for BufferedVideo {
fn present_rgba(&mut self, frame: &[u8], width: usize, height: usize) {
if width != FRAME_WIDTH || height != FRAME_HEIGHT || frame.len() != FRAME_RGBA_BYTES {
return;
}
self.frame_rgba.copy_from_slice(frame);
}
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -426,18 +638,18 @@ impl nesemu::AudioOutput for AudioSink {
struct DesktopApp {
host: Option<RuntimeHostLoop<Box<dyn FrameClock>>>,
input: InputState,
audio: AudioSink,
frame_rgba: Vec<u8>,
audio: CpalAudioSink,
video: BufferedVideo,
state: EmulationState,
}
impl DesktopApp {
fn new() -> Self {
fn new(volume: Arc<AtomicU32>) -> Self {
Self {
host: None,
input: InputState::default(),
audio: AudioSink,
frame_rgba: vec![0; FRAME_RGBA_BYTES],
audio: CpalAudioSink::new(volume),
video: BufferedVideo::new(),
state: EmulationState::Paused,
}
}
@@ -447,6 +659,7 @@ impl DesktopApp {
let runtime = NesRuntime::from_rom_bytes(&data)?;
let config = HostConfig::new(SAMPLE_RATE, false);
self.host = Some(RuntimeHostLoop::with_config(runtime, config));
self.audio.clear();
self.state = EmulationState::Running;
Ok(())
}
@@ -454,6 +667,7 @@ impl DesktopApp {
fn reset(&mut self) {
if let Some(host) = self.host.as_mut() {
host.runtime_mut().reset();
self.audio.clear();
self.state = EmulationState::Running;
}
}
@@ -483,23 +697,137 @@ impl DesktopApp {
return;
};
let mut null_video = nesemu::NullVideo;
if let Err(err) = host.run_frame_unpaced(&mut self.input, &mut null_video, &mut self.audio)
{
match host.run_frame_unpaced(&mut self.input, &mut self.video, &mut self.audio) {
Ok(_) => {}
Err(err) => {
eprintln!("Frame execution error: {err}");
self.state = EmulationState::Paused;
return;
}
self.frame_rgba
.copy_from_slice(&host.runtime().frame_rgba());
}
}
fn frame_rgba(&self) -> &[u8] {
&self.frame_rgba
self.video.frame_rgba()
}
fn frame_interval(&self) -> Duration {
self.host
.as_ref()
.map(|host| host.runtime().video_mode().frame_duration())
.unwrap_or_else(|| VideoMode::Ntsc.frame_duration())
}
fn input_mut(&mut self) -> &mut InputState {
&mut self.input
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
use nesemu::{VideoOutput, FRAME_HEIGHT, FRAME_WIDTH};
use std::time::Instant;
#[test]
fn frame_scheduler_waits_until_frame_deadline() {
let mut scheduler = DesktopFrameScheduler::new();
let start = Instant::now();
let interval = Duration::from_micros(16_639);
assert_eq!(
scheduler.delay_until_next_frame(start, interval),
Duration::ZERO
);
scheduler.mark_frame_complete(start, interval);
assert!(
scheduler.delay_until_next_frame(start + Duration::from_millis(1), interval)
> Duration::ZERO
);
assert_eq!(
scheduler.delay_until_next_frame(start + interval, interval),
Duration::ZERO
);
}
#[test]
fn buffered_video_captures_presented_frame() {
let mut video = BufferedVideo::new();
let mut frame = vec![0u8; FRAME_RGBA_BYTES];
frame[0] = 0x12;
frame[1] = 0x34;
frame[2] = 0x56;
frame[3] = 0x78;
video.present_rgba(&frame, FRAME_WIDTH, FRAME_HEIGHT);
assert_eq!(video.frame_rgba(), frame.as_slice());
}
#[test]
fn frame_scheduler_reset_restarts_from_immediate_tick() {
let mut scheduler = DesktopFrameScheduler::new();
let start = Instant::now();
let interval = Duration::from_micros(16_639);
assert_eq!(
scheduler.delay_until_next_frame(start, interval),
Duration::ZERO
);
scheduler.mark_frame_complete(start, interval);
assert!(scheduler.delay_until_next_frame(start, interval) > Duration::ZERO);
scheduler.reset_timing();
assert_eq!(
scheduler.delay_until_next_frame(start, interval),
Duration::ZERO
);
}
#[test]
fn frame_scheduler_reports_zero_delay_when_late() {
let mut scheduler = DesktopFrameScheduler::new();
let start = Instant::now();
let interval = Duration::from_micros(16_639);
assert_eq!(
scheduler.delay_until_next_frame(start, interval),
Duration::ZERO
);
scheduler.mark_frame_complete(start, interval);
assert_eq!(
scheduler.delay_until_next_frame(start + interval + Duration::from_millis(2), interval),
Duration::ZERO
);
}
#[test]
fn desktop_audio_ring_budget_stays_below_25ms() {
let latency_ms = audio_ring_latency_ms(AUDIO_RING_CAPACITY, SAMPLE_RATE);
let max_budget_ms = 40.0;
assert!(
latency_ms <= max_budget_ms,
"desktop audio ring latency budget too high: {latency_ms:.2}ms"
);
}
#[test]
fn desktop_audio_uses_fixed_low_latency_callback_size() {
let config = cpal_stream_config();
assert_eq!(
config.buffer_size,
cpal::BufferSize::Fixed(AUDIO_CALLBACK_FRAMES)
);
}
#[test]
fn desktop_audio_ring_has_frame_burst_headroom() {
let required = required_audio_ring_capacity(SAMPLE_RATE, VideoMode::Ntsc);
assert!(
AUDIO_RING_CAPACITY >= required,
"audio ring too small for frame burst: capacity={}, required={required}",
AUDIO_RING_CAPACITY,
);
}
}

File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

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@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
# Audio Output Design — Full 5-Channel Mixer + cpal Backend
## Overview
Add real audio output to the desktop NES emulator client. This involves two independent pieces of work:
1. **Full APU mixer** — replace the current DMC-only mixer with proper 5-channel mixing (Pulse 1, Pulse 2, Triangle, Noise, DMC) using NES hardware-accurate formulas.
2. **cpal audio backend** — replace the stub `AudioSink` in the desktop client with a real audio output using `cpal`, connected via a lock-free ring buffer. Add a volume slider to the GTK4 header bar.
## 1. Full APU Mixer
### Current State
`AudioMixer::push_cycles()` in `src/runtime/audio.rs` reads only `apu_regs[0x11]` (DMC output level) and generates a single-channel signal. All other channels are ignored.
### Design
#### 1.1 Channel Outputs Struct
Add to `src/native_core/apu/`:
```rust
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
pub struct ChannelOutputs {
pub pulse1: u8, // 015
pub pulse2: u8, // 015
pub triangle: u8, // 015
pub noise: u8, // 015
pub dmc: u8, // 0127
}
```
#### 1.2 New APU Internal State
The current `Apu` struct lacks timer counters and sequencer state needed to compute channel outputs. The following fields must be added:
**Pulse channels (×2):**
- `pulse_timer_counter: [u16; 2]` — countdown timer, clocked every other CPU cycle
- `pulse_duty_step: [u8; 2]` — position in 8-step duty cycle sequence (07)
**Triangle channel:**
- `triangle_timer_counter: u16` — countdown timer, clocked every CPU cycle
- `triangle_step: u8` — position in 32-step triangle sequence (031)
**Noise channel:**
- `noise_timer_counter: u16` — countdown timer, clocked every other CPU cycle
- `noise_lfsr: u16` — 15-bit linear feedback shift register, initialized to 1
These must be clocked in `Apu::clock_cpu_cycle()`:
- Pulse and noise timers decrement every **2** CPU cycles (APU rate, tracked via existing `cpu_cycle_parity`)
- Triangle timer decrements every **1** CPU cycle
- When a timer reaches 0, it reloads from the period register and advances the corresponding sequencer
#### 1.3 APU Method
Add `Apu::channel_outputs(&self) -> ChannelOutputs` that computes the current output level of each channel:
- **Pulse 1/2:** Output is 0 if length counter is 0, or sweep mutes the channel, or duty cycle sequencer output is 0. Otherwise output is the envelope volume (015).
- **Triangle:** Output is the value from the 32-step triangle waveform lookup at `triangle_step`. Muted (output 0) if length counter or linear counter is 0.
- **Noise:** Output is 0 if length counter is 0 or LFSR bit 0 is 1. Otherwise output is the envelope volume (015).
- **DMC:** Output is `dmc_output_level` (0127), already tracked.
#### 1.4 Save-State Compatibility
Adding new fields to `Apu` changes the save-state binary format. The `save_state_tail()` and `load_state_tail()` methods must be updated to serialize/deserialize the new fields. This is a **breaking change** to the save-state format — old save states will not be compatible. Since the project is pre-1.0, this is acceptable without a migration strategy.
#### 1.5 Bus Exposure
Add `NativeBus::apu_channel_outputs(&self) -> ChannelOutputs` to expose channel outputs alongside the existing `apu_registers()`.
#### 1.6 Mixer Update
Change `AudioMixer::push_cycles()` signature:
```rust
// Before:
pub fn push_cycles(&mut self, cpu_cycles: u8, apu_regs: &[u8; 0x20], out: &mut Vec<f32>)
// After:
pub fn push_cycles(&mut self, cpu_cycles: u8, channels: ChannelOutputs, out: &mut Vec<f32>)
```
Mixing formula (nesdev wiki linear approximation):
```
pulse_out = 0.00752 * (pulse1 + pulse2)
tnd_out = 0.00851 * triangle + 0.00494 * noise + 0.00335 * dmc
output = pulse_out + tnd_out
```
Output range is approximately [0.0, 1.0]. Normalize to [-1.0, 1.0] by: `sample = output * 2.0 - 1.0`.
**Known simplifications:**
- This uses the linear approximation, not the more accurate nonlinear lookup tables from real NES hardware. Nonlinear mixing can be added later as an enhancement.
- The current `repeat_n` resampling approach (nearest-neighbor) produces aliasing. A low-pass filter or bandlimited interpolation can be added later.
- Real NES hardware applies two first-order high-pass filters (~90Hz and ~440Hz). Without these, channel enable/disable will cause audible pops. Deferred for a future iteration.
#### 1.7 Runtime Integration
Update `NesRuntime::run_until_frame_complete_with_audio()` in `src/runtime/core.rs` to pass `ChannelOutputs` (from `self.bus.apu_channel_outputs()`) instead of the register slice to the mixer.
## 2. Lock-Free Ring Buffer
### Location
New file: `src/runtime/ring_buffer.rs`.
### Design
SPSC (single-producer, single-consumer) ring buffer using `AtomicUsize` for head/tail indices:
- **Capacity:** 4096 f32 samples (~85ms at 48kHz) — enough to absorb frame timing jitter
- **Producer:** emulation thread writes samples after each frame via `push_samples()`
- **Consumer:** cpal audio callback reads samples via `pop_samples()`
- **Underrun (buffer empty):** consumer outputs silence (0.0)
- **Overrun (buffer full):** producer **drops new samples** (standard SPSC behavior — only the consumer moves the tail pointer)
```rust
pub struct RingBuffer {
buffer: Box<[f32]>,
capacity: usize,
head: AtomicUsize, // write position (producer only)
tail: AtomicUsize, // read position (consumer only)
}
impl RingBuffer {
pub fn new(capacity: usize) -> Self;
pub fn push(&self, samples: &[f32]) -> usize; // returns samples actually written
pub fn pop(&self, out: &mut [f32]) -> usize; // returns samples actually read
pub fn clear(&self); // reset both pointers (call when no concurrent access)
}
```
Thread safety: `RingBuffer` is `Send + Sync`. Shared via `Arc<RingBuffer>`.
## 3. Desktop cpal Audio Backend
### Dependencies
Add to `crates/nesemu-desktop/Cargo.toml`:
```toml
cpal = "0.15"
```
### CpalAudioSink
```rust
pub struct CpalAudioSink {
_stream: cpal::Stream, // keeps the audio stream alive
ring: Arc<RingBuffer>,
volume: Arc<AtomicU32>, // f32 bits stored atomically
}
```
- Implements `nesemu::AudioOutput``push_samples()` writes to ring buffer
- Created when a ROM is loaded; the ring buffer is cleared on ROM change to prevent stale samples
- cpal callback: reads from ring buffer, multiplies each sample by volume, writes to output buffer
- On pause: emulation stops producing samples → callback outputs silence (underrun behavior)
- On ROM change: old stream is dropped, ring buffer cleared, new stream created
### Error Handling
If no audio device is available, or the requested format is unsupported, or the stream fails to build:
- Log the error to stderr
- Fall back to `NullAudio` behavior (discard samples silently)
- The emulator continues to work without sound
The cpal error callback also logs errors to stderr without crashing.
### Stream Configuration
- Sample rate: 48,000 Hz
- Channels: 1 (mono — NES is mono)
- Sample format: f32
- Buffer size: let cpal choose (typically 2561024 frames)
### Volume
- `Arc<AtomicU32>` shared between UI and cpal callback
- Stored as `f32::to_bits()` / `f32::from_bits()`
- Default: 0.75 (75%)
- Applied in cpal callback: `sample * volume`
## 4. UI — Volume Slider
### Widget
`gtk::Scale` (horizontal) added to the header bar:
- Range: 0.0 to 1.0 (displayed as 0100%)
- Default: 0.75
- `connect_value_changed` → atomically update volume
### Placement
In the header bar, after the existing control buttons (open, pause, reset), with a small speaker icon label.
## 5. Threading Model
- **GTK main thread:** runs emulation via `glib::timeout_add_local` (~16ms tick), UI events, volume slider updates
- **cpal OS thread:** audio callback reads from ring buffer — this is the only cross-thread boundary
- The ring buffer (`Arc<RingBuffer>`) and volume (`Arc<AtomicU32>`) are the only shared state between threads
## 6. Data Flow
```
CPU instruction step (GTK main thread)
→ APU.clock_cpu_cycle() [updates internal channel state]
→ AudioMixer.push_cycles(cycles, apu.channel_outputs())
→ mix 5 channels → f32 sample
→ append to frame audio buffer (Vec<f32>)
Per frame (GTK main thread):
→ FrameExecutor collects audio_buffer
→ CpalAudioSink.push_samples(audio_buffer)
→ write to Arc<RingBuffer>
cpal callback (separate OS thread):
→ read from Arc<RingBuffer>
→ multiply by volume (Arc<AtomicU32>)
→ write to hardware audio buffer
```
## 7. Files Changed
| File | Change |
|------|--------|
| `src/native_core/apu/types.rs` | Add `ChannelOutputs` struct, new timer/sequencer fields to `Apu` and `ApuStateTail` |
| `src/native_core/apu/api.rs` | Add `channel_outputs()` method, update `save_state_tail`/`load_state_tail` |
| `src/native_core/apu/timing.rs` | Clock new timer/sequencer fields in `clock_cpu_cycle()` |
| `src/native_core/bus.rs` | Add `apu_channel_outputs()` |
| `src/runtime/audio.rs` | Rewrite mixer with 5-channel formula |
| `src/runtime/ring_buffer.rs` (new) | Lock-free SPSC ring buffer |
| `src/runtime/core.rs` | Pass `channel_outputs()` to mixer in `run_until_frame_complete_with_audio()` |
| `src/runtime/mod.rs` | Export `ring_buffer`, `ChannelOutputs` |
| `crates/nesemu-desktop/Cargo.toml` | Add `cpal` dependency |
| `crates/nesemu-desktop/src/main.rs` | Replace stub AudioSink with CpalAudioSink, add volume slider |
## 8. Testing
- Existing tests in `tests/public_api.rs` must continue to pass (they use NullAudio). **Note:** the regression hash test (`public_api_regression_hashes_for_reference_rom`) will produce a different audio hash due to the mixer change — the expected hash must be updated.
- Unit test for ring buffer: push/pop, underrun, overrun, clear
- Unit test for mixer: known channel outputs → expected sample values
- Manual test: load a ROM, verify audible sound through speakers

View File

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub use runtime::{
AudioMixer, AudioOutput, ClientRuntime, EmulationState, FRAME_HEIGHT, FRAME_RGBA_BYTES,
FRAME_WIDTH, FrameClock, FramePacer, HostConfig, InputProvider, JOYPAD_BUTTON_ORDER,
JOYPAD_BUTTONS_COUNT, JoypadButton, JoypadButtons, NesRuntime, NoopClock, NullAudio, NullInput,
NullVideo, PacingClock, RuntimeError, RuntimeHostLoop, SAVE_STATE_VERSION, VideoMode,
NullVideo, PacingClock, RingBuffer, RuntimeError, RuntimeHostLoop, SAVE_STATE_VERSION, VideoMode,
VideoOutput, button_pressed, set_button_pressed,
};

View File

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ pub struct NativeBus {
odd_frame: bool,
in_vblank: bool,
frame_complete: bool,
cpu_cycles_since_poll: u32,
mmc3_a12_prev_high: bool,
mmc3_a12_low_dots: u16,
mmc3_last_irq_scanline: u32,
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@ impl NativeBus {
odd_frame: false,
in_vblank: false,
frame_complete: false,
cpu_cycles_since_poll: 0,
mmc3_a12_prev_high: false,
mmc3_a12_low_dots: 8,
mmc3_last_irq_scanline: u32::MAX,
@@ -84,6 +86,12 @@ impl NativeBus {
pub fn clock_cpu(&mut self, cycles: u8) {
self.clock_cpu_cycles(cycles as u32);
}
pub fn take_cpu_cycles_since_poll(&mut self) -> u32 {
let cycles = self.cpu_cycles_since_poll;
self.cpu_cycles_since_poll = 0;
cycles
}
}
// CpuBus trait implementation (memory map + side effects).

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@@ -312,3 +312,23 @@ fn dmc_playback_updates_output_level_from_sample_bits() {
assert!(bus.apu.dmc_output_level < initial);
}
#[test]
fn pulse_channel_outputs_become_audible_after_setup() {
let mut bus = NativeBus::new(Box::new(StubMapper));
bus.write(0x4015, 0x01); // enable pulse1
bus.write(0x4000, 0b0101_1111); // 25% duty, constant volume=15
bus.write(0x4002, 0x08); // low timer period, not sweep-muted
bus.write(0x4003, 0x00); // reload length + reset duty sequencer
let mut saw_non_zero = false;
for _ in 0..64u32 {
bus.clock_cpu(1);
if bus.apu_channel_outputs().pulse1 > 0 {
saw_non_zero = true;
break;
}
}
assert!(saw_non_zero, "pulse1 never produced audible output");
}

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@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use crate::native_core::mapper::Mapper;
impl NativeBus {
fn clock_one_cpu_cycle(&mut self) {
self.cpu_cycles_since_poll = self.cpu_cycles_since_poll.saturating_add(1);
for _ in 0..3 {
self.clock_ppu_dot();
}

View File

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ pub struct AudioMixer {
sample_rate: u32,
samples_per_cpu_cycle: f64,
sample_accumulator: f64,
last_output_sample: f32,
}
impl AudioMixer {
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ impl AudioMixer {
sample_rate,
samples_per_cpu_cycle: sample_rate as f64 / cpu_hz,
sample_accumulator: 0.0,
last_output_sample: 0.0,
}
}
@@ -24,10 +26,11 @@ impl AudioMixer {
pub fn reset(&mut self) {
self.sample_accumulator = 0.0;
self.last_output_sample = 0.0;
}
pub fn push_cycles(&mut self, cpu_cycles: u8, channels: ChannelOutputs, out: &mut Vec<f32>) {
self.sample_accumulator += self.samples_per_cpu_cycle * f64::from(cpu_cycles);
pub fn push_cycles(&mut self, cpu_cycles: u32, channels: ChannelOutputs, out: &mut Vec<f32>) {
self.sample_accumulator += self.samples_per_cpu_cycle * cpu_cycles as f64;
let samples = self.sample_accumulator.floor() as usize;
self.sample_accumulator -= samples as f64;
@@ -35,10 +38,23 @@ impl AudioMixer {
let tnd_out = 0.00851 * f32::from(channels.triangle)
+ 0.00494 * f32::from(channels.noise)
+ 0.00335 * f32::from(channels.dmc);
let mixed = pulse_out + tnd_out;
let sample = mixed * 2.0 - 1.0;
let sample = pulse_out + tnd_out;
out.extend(std::iter::repeat_n(sample, samples));
if samples == 0 {
return;
}
let start = self.last_output_sample;
if samples == 1 {
out.push(sample);
} else {
let denom = samples as f32;
for idx in 0..samples {
let t = (idx + 1) as f32 / denom;
out.push(start + (sample - start) * t);
}
}
self.last_output_sample = sample;
}
}
@@ -47,14 +63,14 @@ mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn mixer_silent_channels_produce_negative_one() {
fn mixer_silent_channels_produce_zero() {
let mut mixer = AudioMixer::new(44_100, VideoMode::Ntsc);
let channels = ChannelOutputs::default();
let mut out = Vec::new();
mixer.push_cycles(50, channels, &mut out);
assert!(!out.is_empty());
for &s in &out {
assert!((s - (-1.0)).abs() < 1e-6, "expected -1.0, got {s}");
assert!(s.abs() < 1e-6, "expected 0.0, got {s}");
}
}
@@ -75,4 +91,34 @@ mod tests {
assert!(s > 0.0, "expected positive sample, got {s}");
}
}
#[test]
fn mixer_smooths_transition_between_batches() {
let mut mixer = AudioMixer::new(44_100, VideoMode::Ntsc);
let mut out = Vec::new();
mixer.push_cycles(200, ChannelOutputs::default(), &mut out);
let before = out.len();
mixer.push_cycles(
200,
ChannelOutputs {
pulse1: 15,
pulse2: 15,
triangle: 15,
noise: 15,
dmc: 127,
},
&mut out,
);
let transition = &out[before..];
assert!(transition.len() > 1);
assert!(transition[0] < *transition.last().expect("transition sample"));
assert!(
transition[0] > 0.0,
"expected smoothed ramp start, got {}",
transition[0]
);
}
}

View File

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
use crate::runtime::state::{load_runtime_state, save_runtime_state};
use crate::runtime::{
AudioMixer, FRAME_RGBA_BYTES, FramePacer, JoypadButtons, RuntimeError, VideoMode,
AudioMixer, FramePacer, JoypadButtons, RuntimeError, VideoMode, FRAME_RGBA_BYTES,
};
use crate::{Cpu6502, InesRom, NativeBus, create_mapper, parse_rom};
use crate::{create_mapper, parse_rom, Cpu6502, InesRom, NativeBus};
pub struct NesRuntime {
cpu: Cpu6502,
@@ -79,11 +79,11 @@ impl NesRuntime {
self.bus.set_joypad_buttons(buttons);
}
pub fn step_instruction(&mut self) -> Result<u8, RuntimeError> {
pub fn step_instruction(&mut self) -> Result<u32, RuntimeError> {
self.bus.set_joypad_buttons(self.buttons);
let cycles = self.cpu.step(&mut self.bus).map_err(RuntimeError::Cpu)?;
self.bus.clock_cpu(cycles);
Ok(cycles)
let cpu_cycles = self.cpu.step(&mut self.bus).map_err(RuntimeError::Cpu)?;
self.bus.clock_cpu(cpu_cycles);
Ok(self.bus.take_cpu_cycles_since_poll())
}
pub fn run_until_frame_complete(&mut self) -> Result<(), RuntimeError> {

View File

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ mod constants;
mod core;
mod error;
mod host;
pub mod ring_buffer;
mod state;
mod timing;
mod types;
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@ mod types;
#[cfg(feature = "adapter-api")]
pub use adapters::{AudioAdapter, ClockAdapter, InputAdapter, VideoAdapter};
pub use audio::AudioMixer;
pub use ring_buffer::RingBuffer;
pub use constants::{FRAME_HEIGHT, FRAME_RGBA_BYTES, FRAME_WIDTH, SAVE_STATE_VERSION};
pub use core::NesRuntime;
pub use error::RuntimeError;

124
src/runtime/ring_buffer.rs Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU32, AtomicUsize, Ordering};
pub struct RingBuffer {
buffer: Box<[AtomicU32]>,
capacity: usize,
head: AtomicUsize,
tail: AtomicUsize,
}
impl RingBuffer {
pub fn new(capacity: usize) -> Self {
assert!(capacity > 0);
let buffer: Vec<AtomicU32> = (0..capacity).map(|_| AtomicU32::new(0)).collect();
Self {
buffer: buffer.into_boxed_slice(),
capacity,
head: AtomicUsize::new(0),
tail: AtomicUsize::new(0),
}
}
pub fn push(&self, samples: &[f32]) -> usize {
let head = self.head.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
let tail = self.tail.load(Ordering::Acquire);
let available = self.capacity - self.len_internal(head, tail) - 1;
let to_write = samples.len().min(available);
for (i, sample) in samples.iter().enumerate().take(to_write) {
let idx = (head + i) % self.capacity;
self.buffer[idx].store(sample.to_bits(), Ordering::Relaxed);
}
self.head
.store((head + to_write) % self.capacity, Ordering::Release);
to_write
}
pub fn pop(&self, out: &mut [f32]) -> usize {
let tail = self.tail.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
let head = self.head.load(Ordering::Acquire);
let available = self.len_internal(head, tail);
let to_read = out.len().min(available);
for (i, slot) in out.iter_mut().enumerate().take(to_read) {
let idx = (tail + i) % self.capacity;
*slot = f32::from_bits(self.buffer[idx].load(Ordering::Relaxed));
}
self.tail
.store((tail + to_read) % self.capacity, Ordering::Release);
to_read
}
/// Clear the buffer. Must only be called when no concurrent push/pop
/// is in progress (e.g., when the audio stream is paused or dropped).
pub fn clear(&self) {
self.tail.store(0, Ordering::SeqCst);
self.head.store(0, Ordering::SeqCst);
}
fn len_internal(&self, head: usize, tail: usize) -> usize {
if head >= tail {
head - tail
} else {
self.capacity - tail + head
}
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn push_pop_basic() {
let rb = RingBuffer::new(8);
let input = [1.0, 2.0, 3.0];
assert_eq!(rb.push(&input), 3);
let mut out = [0.0; 3];
assert_eq!(rb.pop(&mut out), 3);
assert_eq!(out, [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
}
#[test]
fn underrun_returns_zero_count() {
let rb = RingBuffer::new(8);
let mut out = [0.0; 4];
assert_eq!(rb.pop(&mut out), 0);
}
#[test]
fn overrun_drops_new_samples() {
let rb = RingBuffer::new(4); // usable capacity = 3
let input = [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0];
let written = rb.push(&input);
assert_eq!(written, 3);
let mut out = [0.0; 3];
rb.pop(&mut out);
assert_eq!(out, [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
}
#[test]
fn clear_resets() {
let rb = RingBuffer::new(8);
rb.push(&[1.0, 2.0]);
rb.clear();
let mut out = [0.0; 2];
assert_eq!(rb.pop(&mut out), 0);
}
#[test]
fn wraparound() {
let rb = RingBuffer::new(4); // usable = 3
rb.push(&[1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
let mut out = [0.0; 2];
rb.pop(&mut out);
assert_eq!(out, [1.0, 2.0]);
rb.push(&[4.0, 5.0]);
let mut out2 = [0.0; 3];
let read = rb.pop(&mut out2);
assert_eq!(read, 3);
assert_eq!(out2, [3.0, 4.0, 5.0]);
}
}

View File

@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
use crate::runtime::{
AudioOutput, ClientRuntime, EmulationState, FRAME_RGBA_BYTES, HostConfig, InputProvider,
JOYPAD_BUTTON_ORDER, JOYPAD_BUTTONS_COUNT, JoypadButton, NesRuntime, NoopClock,
RuntimeHostLoop, VideoMode, VideoOutput, button_pressed, set_button_pressed,
button_pressed, set_button_pressed, AudioOutput, ClientRuntime, EmulationState, HostConfig,
InputProvider, JoypadButton, NesRuntime, NoopClock, NullAudio, NullInput, NullVideo,
RuntimeHostLoop, VideoMode, VideoOutput, FRAME_RGBA_BYTES, JOYPAD_BUTTONS_COUNT,
JOYPAD_BUTTON_ORDER,
};
use std::cell::Cell;
use std::rc::Rc;
fn nrom_test_rom() -> Vec<u8> {
nrom_test_rom_with_program(&[0xEA, 0x4C, 0x00, 0x80])
}
fn nrom_test_rom_with_program(program: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
let mut rom = vec![0u8; 16 + 16 * 1024 + 8 * 1024];
rom[0..4].copy_from_slice(b"NES\x1A");
rom[4] = 1; // 16 KiB PRG
@@ -17,11 +22,7 @@ fn nrom_test_rom() -> Vec<u8> {
rom[reset_vec] = 0x00;
rom[reset_vec + 1] = 0x80;
// 0x8000: NOP; JMP $8000
rom[prg_offset] = 0xEA;
rom[prg_offset + 1] = 0x4C;
rom[prg_offset + 2] = 0x00;
rom[prg_offset + 3] = 0x80;
rom[prg_offset..prg_offset + program.len()].copy_from_slice(program);
rom
}
@@ -83,6 +84,30 @@ fn audio_mixer_generates_samples() {
assert_eq!(mixer.sample_rate(), 48_000);
}
#[test]
fn audio_mixer_accounts_for_oam_dma_stall_cycles() {
let rom = nrom_test_rom_with_program(&[
0xA9, 0x00, // LDA #$00
0x8D, 0x14, 0x40, // STA $4014
0x4C, 0x00, 0x80, // JMP $8000
]);
let runtime = NesRuntime::from_rom_bytes(&rom).expect("runtime init");
let mode = runtime.video_mode();
let mut host = RuntimeHostLoop::with_config(runtime, HostConfig::new(48_000, false));
let total_samples = host
.run_frames_unpaced(120, &mut NullInput, &mut NullVideo, &mut NullAudio)
.expect("run frames");
let expected = ((host.runtime().frame_number() as f64) * 48_000.0 / mode.frame_hz()).round();
let drift_pct = ((total_samples as f64 - expected).abs() / expected) * 100.0;
assert!(
drift_pct <= 2.5,
"audio drift too high with OAM DMA: {drift_pct:.3}% (samples={total_samples}, expected={expected:.0})"
);
}
struct FixedInput;
impl InputProvider for FixedInput {

View File

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
use nesemu::prelude::*;
use nesemu::{
AudioOutput, HostConfig, InputProvider, JOYPAD_BUTTONS_COUNT, NullAudio, NullInput, NullVideo,
RuntimeError, VideoOutput,
AudioOutput, HostConfig, InputProvider, NullAudio, NullInput, NullVideo, RuntimeError,
VideoOutput, JOYPAD_BUTTONS_COUNT,
};
#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ fn public_api_regression_hashes_for_reference_rom() {
.expect("run frames");
let expected_frame_hash = 0x42d1_20e3_54e0_a325_u64;
let expected_audio_hash = 0xa075_8dd6_adea_e775_u64;
let expected_audio_hash = 0x19f5_be12_66f3_37c5_u64;
assert_eq!(
video.last_hash, expected_frame_hash,